Abstract Background: Salmonella Typhimurium is a Gram negative pathogen that causes a systemic disease in mice resembling typhoid fever. During its infective cycle, S. Typhimurium is phagocytized by macrophages and proliferates inside a Salmonella containing vacuole where Salmonella is exposed and survives oxidative stress induced by H2O2 through modulation of gene expression. After exposure of Salmonella to H2O2, the expression of the porin encoding gene ompX increases, as previously shown by microarray analysis. Expression of ompX mRNA is regulated at a post transcriptional level by MicA and CyaR sRNAs in aerobiosis. In addition, sequence analysis predicts a site for OxyS sRNA in ompX mRNA. Results: In this work we sought to evaluate the transcriptional and post transcriptional regulation of ompX under H2O2 stress. We demonstrate that ompX expression is induced at the transcriptional level in S . Typhimurium under such conditions. Unexpectedly, an increase in ompX gene transcript and promoter activity after challenges with H2O2 does not translate into increased protein levels in the wild type strain, suggesting that ompX mRNA is also regulated at a post transcriptional level, at least under oxidative stress. In silico gene sequence analysis predicted that sRNAs CyaR, MicA, and OxyS could regulate ompX mRNA levels. Using rifampicin to inhibit mRNA expression, we show that the sRNAs (MicA, CyaR and OxyS) and the sRNA:mRNA chaperone Hfq positively modulate ompX mRNA levels under H2O2 induced stress in Salmonella during the exponential growth phase in Lennox broth. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that ompX mRNA is regulated in response to H2O2 by the sRNAs CyaR, MicA and OxyS is Salmonella Typhimurium.

Abstract This work presents an approach to characterize the pore-structure and anisotropy in carbonate samples based on the Effective Medium Method (EMM). It considers a matrix with spheroidal inclusions which induce a transverse anisotropy. The compressional wave (VP), vertical (VSV) and horizontal (VSH ) shear wave velocities are estimated, taking into account parameters as characteristic length, frequency, wave incidence angle, aspect ratio, mineralogy, and pore-filling fluid to predict pore shape in carbonates. Ranges of aspect ratios are shown to discriminate different pore types: intercrystalline, intergranular, moldic, and vuggy. The wave incidence angle is a determinant parameter in the estimation of VP (0°,45°,90°), VSV (0°) and VSH (90°) to calculate dynamic anisotropic Young's modulus (E33) and Poisson's ratio (v31), together with the Thomsen parameters, ε, γ, and δ for quantification of the anisotropic pore-structure. The obtained results establish that the size and the pore-structure have a more significant impact on the elastic properties when the porosity takes values greater than 4% for the three ranges of frequency, ultrasonic, sonic, and seismic. This investigation predicts the pore-structure and pore-size to improve the characterization and elastic properties modeling of carbonate reservoirs. The validation of results includes porosity measurements and ultrasonic velocity data of different carbonate samples.

Resumen En este trabajo se presenta un enfoque para caracterizar la estructura de poros y la anisotropía en muestras de carbonatos basado en el Método del Medio Efectivo (EMM) dinámico. Este considera una matriz con inclusiones elipsoidales que inducen una anisotropía transversal. Se estiman las velocidades de onda compresional (VP), de cizalla vertical (VSV) y horizontal (VSH) teniendo en cuenta parámetros como longitud característica, frecuencia, ángulo de incidencia de la onda, razón de aspecto, mineralogía y tipo de fluido en los poros para predecir la forma de poro en carbonatos. Se muestran rangos de razones de aspecto para discriminar los diferentes tipos de poro: intercristalinos, intergranulares, móldicos y vugulares. El ángulo de incidencia de la onda es un parámetro que influye en la estimación de VP (0°,45°,90°), VSV (0°) y VSH (90°) para calcular el módulo de Young anisótropo dinámico (E33) y la relación de Poisson (v31), así como los parámetros de Thomsen, ε, γ, y δ para cuantificar la anisotropía inducida por la estructura de poros. Los resultados obtenidos establecen que el tamaño y estructura de poro tienen un impacto muy significativo en las propiedades elásticas cuando la porosidad tiene valores mayores al 4% para los tres rangos de frecuencia, ultrasónica, sónica y sísmica. En esta investigación se predice la estructura y el tamaño de los poros para mejorar la caracterización y el modelado de propiedades elásticas de los yacimientos carbonatados. La validación de los resultados incluye la comparación con mediciones de porosidad y datos de velocidad ultrasónica para diferentes muestras de carbonatos.

Abstract: Introduction: OA is currently the fifth leading cause of adult disability, its prevalence increases from age 40. Viscosupplementation is a treatment for the early stages of knee OA. Objective: To compare efficacy and quality of life in patients with symptomatic gonartrosis, treated with high and low molecular weight hyaluronic acid. Material and methods: Analytical, retrospective, cross-sectional, observational study of clinical records of patients diagnosed with grade II and grade III gonarthrosis, October 2017 to June 2018, treated with viscosupplementation with high molecular weight hyaluronic acid or low molecular weight; WOMAC quality of life and scale were analyzed prior to the first application and tracked at two, four and six months. Results: 194 patients, aged between 30 to 87 years (promedio 61.85; SD = 11.3); 134 women (69.1%), 60 men (30.9%). In both groups the evolution was towards improvement, with a decrease in the WOMAC score, with no significant difference between groups. The WOMAC score had a minimum increase after 6 months of application in both groups, which is interpreted as decreasing the therapeutic effect. Two patients had localized minimal adverse reactions which were resolved with general measures. Conclusion: Hyaluronic acid in both presentations, high and low molecular weight, are effective in the treatment of symptomatic goonarthrosis without difference to molecular weight.

Resumen: Introducción: La osteoartrosis es actualmente la quinta causa de discapacidad en el adulto. Su prevalencia aumenta a partir de los 40 años. La viscosuplementación es un tratamiento para las etapas iniciales de la osteoartrosis de rodilla. Objetivo: Comparar la eficacia y la calidad de vida en pacientes con gonartrosis sintomática tratados con ácido hialurónico de alto y mediano peso molecular. Material y métodos: Estudio analítico, retrospectivo, transversal, observacional de expedientes clínicos de pacientes con diagnóstico de gonartrosis grado II y grado III, de Octubre de 2017 a Junio de 2018, tratados con viscosuplementación con ácido hialurónico de alto o de mediano peso molecular; se analizó la calidad de vida y la escala de WOMAC de manera previa a la primera aplicación y con seguimiento a los dos, cuatro y seis meses. Resultados: 194 pacientes, con edades entre 30 y 87 años (promedio 61.85; DE = 11.3); 134 mujeres (69.1%) y 60 hombres (30.9%). En ambos grupos la evolución fue hacia la mejoría, con disminución en el puntaje WOMAC, sin diferencia significativa entre grupos. El puntaje de WOMAC tuvo un aumento mínimo pasados seis meses de la aplicación en ambos grupos, lo que se interpreta como disminución del efecto terapéutico. Dos pacientes tuvieron reacciones adversas mínimas localizadas, las cuales se resolvieron con medidas generales. Conclusión: El ácido hialurónico en ambas presentaciones, de alto y de bajo peso molecular, es efectivo en el tratamiento de la gonartrosis sintomática sin diferencia con el peso molecular.

Abstract In the present paper, an adjustment of the heat inputs corresponding to the cooling times of interest “t12/8” and “t8/5” in the HAZ of the GMAW of a duplex stainless steel 2205, of 10 mm thickness, using finite element simulation is made. For simulation, a welding modeling methodology previously developed was used, and it was enriched with the incorporation of a correction factor of the heat transferred to the finite elements by which the heat source passes. The methodology, using a code in APDL language, was initially validated through the comparison with experimental results of thermal cycles. In the paper is also demonstrated that the results of the relation of the heat input and cooling time variables are more accurate when using the Rykalin 2D theoretical model with the average properties of the steel in the range from room to solid temperature, than those obtained when the properties are replaced at room temperature.

Resumen En el presente artículo se realiza un ajuste de los calores de entrada que se corresponden con los tiempos de enfriamiento “t12/8” y “t 8/5” de interés, en la ZAT de la soldadura GMAW de una chapa de acero inoxidable dúplex 2205, de 10 mm de espesor, empleando la simulación por elementos finitos. Para la modelación de la soldadura se empleó una metodología desarrollada previamente, la cual se enriqueció con la incorporación de un factor de corrección del calor aportado, a los elementos finitos por los que pasa la fuente de calor. La metodología, implementada a través de un código en lenguaje APDL, fue validada inicialmente a través de la comparación con resultados de ciclos térmicos experimentales. En el trabajo además se demuestra que, cuando se utiliza el modelo teórico de Rykalin 2D, son más precisos los resultados que relacionan las variables calor de entrada - tiempo de enfriamiento, empleando las propiedades promedio del acero en el rango de temperatura desde la ambiente hasta la de sólido, que los que se obtienen cuando se sustituyen las propiedades a temperatura ambiente.

Resumo: Objetivo Analisar comparativamente os fatores de risco psicossociais associados com pré-eclâmpsia em mulheres mexicanas residentes de três Estados. Método Estudo de casos e controles em 336 mulheres puérperas com e sem pré-eclâmpsia (130 do Estado do México, 114 de Yucatán e 92 de Veracruz). Aplicaram-se dois questionários e 5 escalas tipo Likert previamente validadas. Levou-se a cabo análise estatística comparativa mediante o software SPSS ver 20. As variáveis quantitativas analisaram-se com Kruskal Wallis, as categóricas com frequências, o risco com razão de Momios (OR); IC de 95%. O risco ajustou-se com regressão logística com α = 0.05. Resultados A análise revelou violência leve nos 3 Estados, com maior frequência no Estado de México e Veracruz (OR: 3.53; IC 95%: 1.13 -10.97). A depressão foi um achado significativo para pré-eclâmpsia. Existe de 1 a 2 vezes mais risco para esta doença em grávidas do Estado do México que sofrem algum grau de depressão (OR: 1.66; IC 95%: 1.058 - 2.607) e de 3 a 4 vezes mais risco quando tem transtorno depressivo maior (OR: 3.67; IC 95%: 1.23 - 10.89). Em mulheres veracruzanas que reportaram algumas vezes sintomatologia depressiva está presente 3 vezes mais o risco de pré-eclâmpsia (OR: 3.12; IC 95%: 1.077 -9.083) e 7.4 vezes mais risco quando têm menos de 5 consultas pré-natais (OR: 7.42; IC 95%: 2.85 - 19.33). Conclusões Identificaram-se a depressão, sintomatologia depressiva, violência e o número de consultas pré-natais menor a 5 como fatores de risco psicossociais associados à pré-eclâmpsia. Estes resultados permitiram propor um modelo de intervenção integral de enfermagem para diminuilos.

Abstract: Objective To comparatively analyze the psychosocial risk factors associated to pre-eclampsia among Mexican women living in three States. Method This is a cases and controls study with 336 pregnant women with and without pre-eclampsia (130 from the State of Mexico, 114 from the state of Yucatan, and 92 from the state of Veracruz). Two questionnaires were administered, and 5 previously validated Likert type scales were used. A statistical comparative analysis was performed using SPSS v.20 software. Quantitative variables were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis procedure, categorical variables with frequencies calculation, and the associated risk with odds ratios in the 95% confidence interval. The associated risk was further adjusted through logistic regression (α = 0.05). Results The analysis revealed a mild level of violence in all three States. States which reflected more frequency of violence risks were Mexico and Veracruz (OR: 3.53; IC 95%: 1.13 - 10.97). Depression was a significant finding associated to pre-eclampsia. A 1 to 2 times higher risk of associated pre-eclampsia was found among pregnant women with some degree of depression in the State of Mexico (OR: 1.66; IC 95%: 1.058 - 2.607), and this risk was 3 to 4 times higher in the presence of major depressive disorder (OR: 3.67; IC 95%: 1.23 - 10.89). Among women from the state of Veracruz who sometimes reported having depressive symptoms, the risk of pre-eclampsia association was 3 times higher (OR: 3.12; IC 95%: 1.077 - 9.083), while this risk was 7.4 times higher when these women had less than 5 prenatal assessment visits (OR: 7.42; IC 95%: 2.85 - 19.33). Conclusions Depression, depressive symptomatology, violence, and less-than-5 prenatal assessment visits were all identified as psychosocial risk factors associated to pre-eclampsia. These findings will support proposals for a corresponding nursing integral intervention model to address the related risk factors.

Resumen: Objetivo Analizar comparativamente los factores de riesgo psicosociales asociados con preeclampsia en mujeres mexicanas residentes de tres Estados. Método Estudio de casos y controles en 336 mujeres puérperas con y sin preeclampsia (130 del Estado de México, 114 de Yucatán y 92 de Veracruz). Se aplicaron dos cuestionarios y 5 escalas tipo Likert previamente validadas. Se llevó a cabo análisis estadístico comparativo mediante el software SPSS ver 20. Las variables cuantitativas se analizaron con Kruskal Wallis, las categóricas con frecuencias, el riesgo con razón de Momios (OR); IC de 95%. El riesgo se ajustó con regresión logística con α = 0.05. Resultados El análisis reveló violencia leve en los 3 Estados, con mayor frecuencia en el Estado de México y Veracruz (OR: 3.53; IC 95%: 1.13 - 10.97). La depresión, fue un hallazgo significativo para preeclampsia. Existe de 1 a 2 veces más riesgo para esta enfermedad en embarazadas del Estado de México que sufren algún grado de depresión (OR: 1.66; IC 95%: 1.058 - 2.607) y de 3 a 4 veces más riesgo cuando hay trastorno depresivo mayor (OR: 3.67; IC 95%: 1.23 - 10.89). En mujeres veracruzanas que reportaron algunas veces sintomatología depresiva está presente 3 veces más el riesgo de preeclampsia (OR: 3.12; IC 95%: 1.077 - 9.083) y 7.4 veces más riesgo cuando tienen menos de 5 consultas prenatales (OR: 7.42; IC 95%: 2.85 - 19.33). Conclusiones Se identificaron la depresión, sintomatología depresiva, violencia y el número de consultas prenatales menor a 5 como factores de riesgo psicosociales asociados a preeclampsia. Estos resultados permitirán proponer un modelo de intervención integral de enfermería para disminuirlos.

ABSTRACT This study aims to obtain an extract from red wine by using membrane-based supercritical fluid extraction. This technique involves the use of porous membranes as contactors during the dense gas extraction process from liquid matrices. In this work, a Cabernet Sauvignon wine extract was obtained from supercritical fluid extraction using pressurized carbon dioxide as solvent and a hollow fiber contactor as extraction setup. The process was continuously conducted at pressures between 12 and 18 MPa and temperatures ranged from 30 to 50ºC. Meanwhile, flow rates of feed wine and supercritical CO2 varied from 0.1 to 0.5 mL min-1 and from 60 to 80 mL min-1 (NCPT), respectively. From extraction assays, the highest extraction percentage value obtained from the total amount of phenolic compounds was 14% in only one extraction step at 18MPa and 35ºC. A summarized chemical characterization of the obtained extract is reported in this work; one of the main compounds in this extract could be a low molecular weight organic acid with aromatic structure and methyl and carboxyl groups. Finally, this preliminary characterization of this extract shows a remarkable ORAC value equal to 101737 ± 5324 µmol Trolox equivalents (TE) per 100 g of extract.

Objective: To determine the presence and expression of Enterococcus faecalis Esp gene in several strains from an in vitro model on extracted teeth. Methods: An in vitro system was designed to evaluate the biofilm formation through fluorescence microscopy and gene expression that could be associated to biofilm formation. The system consisted of a previously extracted human tooth that was cut and prepared to provide by means of its root canal, an adequate surface for biofilm formation on behalf of Enterococcus faecalis. The system disposed an anaerobe chamber that allowed the growth of bacteria in broth culture and avoided contamination with other microorganisms. This chamber consisted of a sterile micro centrifuge tube, which was cut and united by its inferior end to the apical end of the sectioned tooth. Results: The results obtained with fluorescence microscopy and RT-PCR allowed the quantification of the Esp gene levels of expression in bacteria growing and forming biofilm in root canal surfaces. Conclusion: The expression of Esp gene is associated with biofilm formation in E. faecalis and in the adherence to abiotic surfaces. It could be a promising therapeutic target in control programs for the eradication of persistent infections associated with the presence of E faecalis in biofilm.

Objetivo: Determinar la presencia y expresión del gen esp en cepas clínicas de Enterococcus faecalis a partir de un modelo in vitro de dientes extraídos. Métodos: Se diseñó un sistema in vitro para evaluar la formación del biofilm mediante microscopía de fluorescencia y la expresión del gen esp. El sistema estuvo constituido por un diente humano previamente extraído, cortado y preparado que proporcionó, mediante su conducto radicular, una superficie adecuada para la formación del biofilm por parte de E. faecalis. El sistema dispuso de una cámara anaerobia que permitió el crecimiento de la bacteria en el caldo de cultivo y evitó su contaminación con otros microorganismos. Esta cámara estuvo constituida por un tubo de micro centrifuga estéril, cortado y unido por el extremo inferior al extremo apical del diente seccionado. Resultados: Los resultados que se obtuvieron tanto por microscopia de fluorescencia como por RT-PCR permitieron cuantificar el nivel de expresión del gen esp en las bacterias durante su crecimiento y formando el biofilm en la superficie de los conductos radiculares. Todas las cepas evaluadas presentan el gen esp. Sin embargo, el biofilm de la cepa CC02 expresó el gen esp cuatro veces más en comparación al gen esp de la cepa de referencia. Conclusión: La expresión del gen esp podría estar asociada con la formación de biofilm en E. faecalis y la adherencia a superficies abióticas. Podría convertirse en una diana terapéutica prometedora en los programas de control de infecciones persistentes por Enterococcus spp. asociados a la presencia de biofilm.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION For two decades, various countries have experienced an epidemic of chronic kidney disease unexplainable by traditional causes. Typically a chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis, it predominantly affects young male agricultural workers and has been reported in several countries in Central America, as well as in Sri Lanka, India and Egypt. Recent studies in El Salvador have also reported the disease in male nonagricultural workers and in women, both those working in agriculture and not. Epidemiological information on whether this condition affects pediatric populations is virtually nonexistent. Globally, estimates of chronic kidney disease prevalence in pediatric populations range from 21 to 108 per million population. OBJECTIVE Determine the prevalence of urinary markers of renal damage and of chronic kidney disease in persons aged <18 years in rural Salvadoran communities. METHODS Pediatric NefroSalva was a descriptive epidemiologic study in three agricultural regions with known high prevalence of chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology: Bajo Lempa, Guayapa Abajo and Las Brisas. Demographic and health data were collected and physical measurements were taken for 2115 persons aged <18 years, 1058 boys and 1057 girls. Urine samples were tested for markers of renal damage and blood samples analyzed to measure creatinine for estimating glomerular filtration rate (Schwartz formula). Median glomerular filtration rate was compared with reference values for age groups 2-12 and 13-17 years; mean glomerular filtration rate trends were assessed for age groups 2-5, 6-12 and 13-17 years. Positive test results were confirmed after three months. RESULTS Prevalence of urinary markers of renal damage was 4%, 4.3% in girls and 3.8% in boys. Microalbuminura (albumin:creatinine ratio 30-300 mg/g) was detected in both sexes and all age groups in all three regions, with prevalences of 2.6%-3.8% in boys and 3.3%-3.8% in girls. Macroalbuminuria (albumin:creatinine ratio >300 mg/g) was detected only in girls in Las Brisas, 2.3%. Glomerular hyperfiltration (compared to international norms) was found in all age-sex groups in all three regions. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease was 3.9%—4.1% in girls and 3.6% in boys. The prevalence of chronic renal failure was 0.1%. CONCLUSIONS High prevalence of chronic kidney disease in children and adolescents calls attention to the need for primary prevention from very early ages. This finding in children in areas where chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology is common in adults is consistent with a contribution of environmental toxins to the epidemic observed in these areas.

Resumo A úlcera por pressão é um evento constante em saúde pública, um problema persistente nas unidades críticas e uma preocupação de enfermagem ao ser envolvida no cuidado que demanda 50% mais do tempo utilizado. Objetivo Descrever o risco de aparição das úlceras por pressão nos pacientes internados na unidade de cuidados críticos, em relação ao tempo de medição e estádio. Métodos Estudo quantitativo, observacional, descritivo e longitudinal. Amostra conformada por 31 pacientes. O instrumento foi aplicado em quatro momentos: à entrada, às 24 e 72 horas e ao sétimo dia da permanência. Em cada medição determinou-se o risco com a escala Braden e avaliou-se a pele. Resultado 100% dos pacientes teve alto risco à entrada e 24 horas; diminuiu em um 71% aos sete dias. 6.4% desenvolveu úlcera por pressão à entrada, 12.9% às 24 horas e 35.5% às 72 horas. Em geral 45.2% dos pacientes considerados como de alto risco manifestaram úlcera por pressão aos sete dias de permanência hospitalar. Observou-se uma correlação entre as variáveis nível de risco e aparição de úlcera por pressão às 72 horas (rs = 0.04>). Conclusão Apesar de que se reduz o risco à metade nas primeiras 72 horas, aumenta a incidência de úlcera por pressão no mesmo período, assim, é importante que se realizem avaliações e reavaliações desde a entrada e durante os sete primeiros dias de permanência nos pacientes criticamente doentes, utilizando um instrumento de valor preditivo.

Abstract Pressure ulcer are a constant event in public health, a persistent problem in units of critical care, and a nursing concern due to the longtime of care they need to be addressed. Objective To describe the risk of developing pressure ulcer which patients admitted into the critical care taking in consideration the time of measurement and stay. Methods This is a quantitative, observational, descriptive, and longitudinal study with a sample of 31 patients. The instrument was administered at four times: at entry, during the 24 and 72 hours, and at the seventh day of stay. In each measurement, the risk was assessed through the Braden scale. The skin status was also assessed. Result 100% of patients were at high risk during the first 24 hours; and 71% of them were at high risk at the seventh day of admission. 6.4% developed a pressure ulcer during admission, 12.9% at 24 hours, and 35.5% at 72 hours. In general, 45.2% of the patients considered in high risk developed some pressure ulcer at the seventh day of stay. A correlation was observed among the variables risk level and pressure sores at 72 hours (rs P = .04>). Conclusion Although the risk is reduced to the half during the first 72 hours, the incidence of pressure ulcer increases in the same period; thus, it is important to perform assessments and re-appraisements to the critically ill patients using a predictive instrument since hospital admission and during the first seven days of stay.

Resumen La úlcera por presión es un evento constante en salud pública, un problema persistente en las unidades críticas y una preocupación de enfermería al verse involucrada en el cuidado que demanda el 50% más del tiempo utilizado. Objetivo Describir el riesgo de aparición de las úlceras por presión en los pacientes ingresados en la unidad de cuidados críticos, con relación al tiempo de medición y estadio. Métodos Estudio cuantitativo, observacional, descriptivo y longitudinal. Muestra conformada por 31 pacientes. El instrumento fue aplicado en 4 momentos: al ingreso, a las 24 y 72 h y al séptimo día de estancia. En cada medición se determinó el riesgo con la escala Braden y se valoró la piel. Resultado El 100% de los pacientes tuvo alto riesgo al ingreso y 24 h; se redujo en un 71% a los 7 días. El 6.4% desarrolló úlcera por presión al ingreso, el 12.9% a las 24 h y el 35.5% a las 72 h. En general el 45.2% de los pacientes considerados como de alto riesgo manifestaron úlcera por presión a los 7 días de estancia hospitalaria. Se observó una correlación entre las variables nivel de riesgo y aparición de úlcera por presión a las 72 h (rs p = 0.04). Conclusión A pesar de que se reduce el riesgo a la mitad en las primeras 72 h, aumenta la incidencia de úlcera por presión en ese mismo lapso; así, es importante que se realicen evaluaciones y revaloraciones desde el ingreso y durante los 7 primeros días de estancia hospitalaria en los pacientes críticamente enfermos utilizando un instrumento de valor predictivo.

Introduçãoa assistência da criança hospitalizada e da sua família, é um dos âmbitos que na atualidade requer um esforço para pesquisar. Conhecer os fatores relacionados com a ansiedade que experimentam os familiares na UCIP, abre caminhos para desenvolver modelos de intervenção e Planos de Cuidados de Enfermagem dirigidos a favorecer o enfrentamento e melhorar o bem-estar familiar intra-hospitalar.ObjetivoDeterminar a relação dos fatores sociodemográficos e hospitalares com o nível de ansiedade que apresentam os familiares com pacientes hospitalizados na Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos (UCIP).MetodologiaEstudo Quantitativo, descritivo e transversal. Utilizou-se um instrumento de elaboração própria para a identificação de fatores sociodemográficos e hospitalares; e a escala de Inventário de Ansiedade Estado-Traço de Spielberger (IDARE) para a medição do nível de ansiedade.Resultados34 familiares participaram, 11.8% (4) homens e 88.2% (30) mulheres, a média da idade foi de 29 anos, as pontuações de ansiedade estado e ansiedade traço, indicam que quando conhecer algum abrigo se apresenta uma diferença significativa no nível de ansiedade estado dos familiares (X2 = 10.22, p = 0.006) e ansiedade traço (X2 = 7.07, p = 0.02).ConclusõesA escolaridade como fator sociodemográfico influenciou no nível de ansiedade estado e traço. Entre os fatores hospitalares encontrou-se que o desconhecimento da existência de abrigos e não contar com algum tipo de ajuda, gera maior ansiedade.

IntroductionAid to hospitalized children and their relatives is an issue which requires further research. Knowing the factors related to the anxiety that these children's relatives experience in the PIUC can broaden the scope to develop intervention models and Nursing Care Plans to address these issues and improve the intra-hospital family wellbeing.ObjectiveTo determine the relationship between the social, demographic, and hospital factors with the levels of anxiety experienced by the relatives of hospitalized patients in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU).MethodologyQuantitative, descriptive, and transversal study. An own-designed instrument to identify social, demographic, and hospital factors, and the Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) to estimate the levels of anxiety were used.ResultsThirty four relatives participated, 11.8% (4) were male and 88.2% (30) female. The average age was 29 years old. The anxiety state and trait scores suggest that, when information on shelters in not available, there are significant differences in the state of anxiety (X2 = 10.22, p=0.006) and trait of anxiety (X2 = 7.07, p=0.02) of the relatives.ConclusionsThe school level, as a social and demographic factor, had a strong impact on the levels of both state and trait anxiety. Among the hospital factors, not having information on shelters and not being supported generated the most anxiety.

IntroducciónLa asistencia al niño hospitalizado y su familia es uno de los ámbitos que hoy requiere un esfuerzo por investigar. Conocer los factores relacionados con la ansiedad que viven los familiares en la UCIP, abre caminos para desarrollar modelos de intervención y Planes de Cuidados de Enfermería dirigidos a favorecer el afrontamiento y mejorar el bienestar familiar intrahospitalario.ObjetivoDeterminar la relación de los factores sociodemográficos y hospitalarios con el nivel de ansiedad que presentan los familiares con pacientes hospitalizados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos (UCIP).MetodologíaEstudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal. Se utilizó un instrumento de elaboración propia para la identificación de factores sociodemográficos y hospitalarios; y la escala de Inventario de Ansiedad Estado-Rasgo de Spielberger (IDARE) para la medición del nivel de ansiedad.Resultados34 familiares que participaron -11.8% (4) hombres; y 88.2% (30) mujeres- la edad promedio fue de 29 años, las puntuaciones de ansiedad estado y ansiedad rasgo indican que al no conocer algún albergue se presenta una diferencia significativa en el nivel de ansiedad estado de los familiares (χ2 = 10.22, p = 0.006) y ansiedad rasgo (χ2 = 7.07, p = 0.02).ConclusionesLa escolaridad como factor sociodemográfico influyó en el nivel de ansiedad estado y rasgo. Entre los factores hospitalarios se encontró que el desconocimiento de la existencia de albergues y no contar con algún tipo de apoyo, genera mayor ansiedad.

Carburizing and quenching thermochemical treatment is extensively applied in the automotive parts manufacturing industry. When the treatment consists of more than one stage, the study by means of experiments becomes too vast due to the large number of combinations of treatment variables that can be obtained. A viable alternative of study is to numerically simulate the process and to perform virtual experiments, which, together with the application of design of experiments statistical techniques, allows a deeper understanding of the process at relatively low costs, in order to find more favorable treatment conditions that impact on production costs reduction. In the present study the two carburizing stages, in a four stages process that includes quenching, of a drive shaft, were simulated with COMSOL Multiphysics® commercial software package, giving results which were validated by comparison with hardness measurements performed on treated production parts, later applying a design of experiments based on a Taguchi array. Thus simulation results for a variety of combinations of treatment parameters were obtained, emphasizing those that result in a reduction of the treatment costs.

El tratamiento termoquímico de carburizado y temple se aplica extensivamente en la industria de fabricación de autopartes. Cuando el tratamiento se aplica en más de una etapa, su estudio por medio de experimentos se hace demasiado extenso por la gran cantidad de combinaciones de las variables de tratamiento que pueden obtenerse. Una alternativa de estudio viable es simular numéricamente el proceso y realizar experimentos virtuales, lo cual, en conjunto con la aplicación de técnicas estadísticas de diseño de experimentos, permite profundizar en el conocimiento del mismo a costos relativamente bajos, para encontrar así condiciones de tratamiento mas favorables que repercuten en la disminución de costos de producción. En el presente estudio se simularon, con el paquete computacional comercial COMSOL Multiphysics®, las dos etapas de carburizado, de un proceso en cuatro etapas que incluye temple, de una flecha de transmisión, obteniendose resultados que fueron validados por comparación con mediciones de dureza realizadas en piezas de producción tratadas, aplicando posteriormente un diseño de experimentos en base a un arreglo de Taguchi. Se obtuvieron así resultados de simulación para una variedad de combinaciones de parámetros de tratamiento, resaltando aquellas que implican una disminución de los costos de tratamiento.

Nitrogen is a nutrient which increases growth, leaf area duration and crop photosynthesis, characteristics that permit sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to increase seed yield per surface unit. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the net assimilation rate, yield and principal components in two sunflower cultivars (Periquero and Victoria) as a function of two types of urea (common urea and slow release urea), and three doses of N (40, 80 and 120 kg N ha-1), in three localities of the Estado de México (Toluca, Balderas and Chalco). The experimental design was complete randomized blocks with factorial arrangement. The 36 treatments resulted from the combinations of the three localities, the two cultivars, the two types of urea and the three nitrogen levels. The data were analyzed with ANOVA and treatments means, were compared with the DSH test (p≤0.05). In order to know the relationship between seed yield and the net assimilation rate, simple linear regression was calculated. The analysis of the results indicated that in Chalco the sunflower yielded (732.0 g m-2) more than Toluca (285.9 g m-2) and Balderas (467.0 g m-2) due to the higher net assimilation rate (0.89 g dm-2 d-1); Victoria, with average yield of 508.2 g m-2 and harvest index of 0.33, was higher than Periquero by 5.1 % and 11.76 %, respectively. With common urea average grain production was 508 g m-2 were compared, 5.2 % higher than that obtained with slow release urea. The best dose in this study was 120 kg N ha-1, because its average yield was 541.5 g m-2. It is concluded that net assimilation rate positively affected seed yield, since the regression equation y = 217.8 + 308.2 (x) (r² = 0.69**) means that for each unit of increment in net assimilation rate, yield increases 308.2 g m-2.

El nitrógeno es un nutrimento que incrementa el crecimiento, la duración del área foliar y la fotosíntesis del cultivo, características que permiten al girasol (Helianthus annuus L.) aumentar el rendimiento de semilla por unidad de superficie. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la tasa de asimilación neta, el rendimiento y sus principales componentes en dos cultivares de girasol (Periquero y Victoria) en función de dos tipos de urea (urea común y urea de liberación lenta) y tres dosis de N (40, 80 y 120 kg N ha-1), en tres localidades del Estado de México (Toluca, Balderas y Chalco). El diseño experimental fue bloques completos al azar con arreglo factorial. Los 36 tratamientos resultaron de las combinaciones de las tres localidades, los dos cultivares, los dos tipos de urea y los tres niveles de nitrógeno. Los datos se analizaron con ANDEVA y las medias de los tratamientos se compararon con la prueba DSH (p≤0.05). Para conocer la relación entre el rendimiento de semilla y la tasa de asimilación neta se calculó la regresión lineal simple. El análisis de los resultados indicó que en Chalco el girasol rindió (732.0 g m-2) más que Toluca (285.9 g m-2) y Balderas (467.0 g m-2), debido a la mayor tasa de asimilación neta (0.89 g dm-2 d-1); Victoria, con rendimiento promedio de 508.2 g m-2 e índice de cosecha de 0.33, fue superior a Periquero en 5.1 % y 11.76 %, respectivamente. Con urea común se alcanzó una producción promedio de grano de 508 g m-2, superior en 5.2 % al obtenido con urea de liberación lenta. La mejor dosis en este estudio fue 120 kg N ha-1 ya que su rendimiento promedio fue 541.5 g m-2. Se concluye que la tasa de asimilación neta afectó positivamente el rendimiento de semilla, porque la ecuación de regresión y = 217.8 + 308.2 (x) (r² = 0.69**) significa que por cada unidad de incremento en la tasa de asimilación neta, el rendimiento aumenta 308.2 g m-2.

The aim of this studio was to summarize the available evidence about the adverse effects that you can find on the periapex after any apexification with the use of MTA (mineral trioxide aggregate). Materials and methods: Important publications were identified through a search of electronic databases (PUBMED, EMBASE, BIREME and SCIRUS) and evaluated by the Cochrane method. Results: Of the 20 articles, just one met the requirements of inclusion and exclusion. Conclusions: There is no available evidence showing that MTA(mineral trioxide aggregate) produces any adverse effect on the periapex after being used in an apexification treatment.

El propósito de esta revisión fue sintetizar la evidencia disponible acerca de los efectos adversos que se pueden producir en el periápice luego de realizar una apexificación con MTA (mineral trióxido agregado). Materiales y métodos: se identificaron la publicaciones de más relevancia para ser revisadas, por medio de una búsqueda de base de datos electrónica como: bireme, embase, pubmed, y scirus. Resultados: de los 20 artículos referentes al MTA (mineral trióxido agregado) luego de ser revisados, sólo un artículo cumplía con los requisitos de inclusión y exclusión el cual fue analizado por el método Cochrane. Conclusión: no hay evidencia científica disponible que demuestre que el MTA cause algún efecto adverso en el periápice luego de ser aplicado en apexificaciones.

Introduction: Emotions have a powerful effect on our choice of food and eating habits. It has been found that in some people there is relationship between eating, emotions and the increased energy intake. This relationship should be measurable to better understand how food is used to deal with certain mood states and how these emotions affect the effectiveness of weight loss programs. Objective: To develop and analyze the psychometric characteristics of a questionnaire on emotional eating for obesity easy to apply in clinical practice. Subjects and methods: A ten-item questionnaire called Emotional-Eater-Questionnaire (EEQ) was developed and administered to a total of 354 subjects (body mass index, 31 ± 5), aged 39 ± 12, who were subjected to a weight-reduction program. The questionnaire was specifically designed for obesity. Analysis of the internal structure, internal consistency, test-retest reliability and convergent validity with Mindful-Eater-Questionnaire (MEQ) were conducted. Results: After principal components analysis, the questionnaire was classified in three different dimensions that explained 60% of the total variance: Disinhibition, Type-of-food and Guilt. Internal consistency showed that Cronbach's alpha was 0.773 for the "Dishinibition" subscale, 0.656 for the "Type of food" subscale and 0.612 for the "Guilt" subscale. The test-retest stability was r = 0.70. The data showed that the percentage of agreement between the EEQ and the MEQ was around 70% with a Kappa index of 0.40; P < 0.0001. Conclusion: We have presented a new questionnaire, which classifies individuals as a function of the relation between food intake and emotions. Such information will permit personalised treatments to be designed by drawing up early strategies from the very beginning of treatment programmes.

Introducción: Las emociones tienen un poderoso efecto sobre la elección de alimentos y los hábitos alimentarios. Existe una relación entre comer, emociones y el aumento del aporte calórico. Esta relación debería ser medible para comprender mejor cómo utilizamos los alimentos en determinados estados de ánimo y cómo las emociones afectan a la eficacia de los programas de pérdida de peso. Objetivo: Desarrollar y analizar las características psicométricas de un cuestionario para identificar la ingesta emocional en la obesidad de fácil aplicación en la práctica clínica. Material y métodos: Se ha desarrollado y administrado un cuestionario de diez ítems llamado Cuestionario-de-Comedor-Emocional (CCE) a un total de 354 sujetos (Índice de Masa Corporal: 31 ± 5), (Edad: 39 ± 12 años), pertenecientes a un programa de reducción de peso. Se llevó a cabo un análisis de la estructura interna del cuestionario, de la consistencia interna, la fiabilidad testretest y la validez convergente con el Mindful-Eater-Questionnaire (MEQ). Resultados: El análisis de componentes principales del cuestionario encontró tres dimensiones diferentes que explicaban el 60% de la varianza: desinhibición, tipo de alimento y culpa. La consistencia interna mostró que el alfa de Cronbach fue de 0,773 para la subescala "Desinhibición", 0,656 para "Tipo de alimentos" y 0,612 para "culpa". La estabilidad test-retest fue de r = 0,70. Los datos mostraron que el porcentaje de acuerdo entre el CCE y MEQ era del 70% con un índice Kappa de 0,40, P < 0,0001. Conclusión: Hemos presentado un nuevo cuestionario, que clasifica a los individuos en función de la relación entre la ingesta de alimentos y las emociones. Esta información permitirá el diseño de tratamientos personalizados desde el inicio para la obesidad.

It is shown that, in a similar manner as a complete solution of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation for a system with n degrees of freedom yields 2n constants of motion, each solution of the Schrodinger equation containing n parameters leads to 2n operators that are constants of motion; these 2n operators form two sets of n mutually commuting operators.

Se muestra que, en forma similar a como una solución completa de la ecuación de Hamilton-Jacobi para un sistema con n grados de libertad produce 2n constantes de movimiento, cada solucion de la ecuacion de Schrödinger que contenga n parámetros lleva a 2n operadores que son constantes de movimiento; estos 2n operadores forman dos conjuntos de n operadores que conmutan entre sí.